refactor: make lambda expression types immutable

- Change Abstraction, Application, and Variable to use private fields with getter methods
- Return value types instead of pointers from constructors
- Update all type switches to match value types instead of pointer types
- Remove pointer equality optimizations (not applicable with immutable values)
- Return empty set instead of nil from GetFreeVariables default case

pkg/interpreter/events.go

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package interpreter
+
+// Event represents lifecycle events during interpretation.
+type Event int
+
+const (
+	// StartEvent is emitted before interpretation begins.
+	StartEvent Event = iota
+	// StepEvent is emitted after each interpretation step.
+	StepEvent
+	// StopEvent is emitted after interpretation completes.
+	StopEvent
+)

pkg/interpreter/interpreter.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Package interpreter provides the abstract Reducer interface for all expression
+// reduction strategies.
+package interpreter
+
+import (
+	"git.maximhutz.com/max/lambda/pkg/emitter"
+	"git.maximhutz.com/max/lambda/pkg/expr"
+)
+
+// Reducer defines the interface for expression reduction strategies.
+// Different evaluation modes (normal order, applicative order, SKI combinators,
+// etc.) implement this interface with their own reduction logic.
+//
+// Reducers also implement the Emitter interface to allow plugins to observe
+// reduction lifecycle events (Start, Step, Stop).
+type Interpreter interface {
+	emitter.Emitter[Event]
+
+	// Run a single step. Returns whether the interpreter is complete or not.
+	Step() bool
+
+	// Run until completion.
+	Run()
+
+	// Expression returns the current expression state.
+	Expression() expr.Expression
+}