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perf: implement structural sharing for expression trees

Replace mutable in-place expression modification with immutable
expressions that use structural sharing. This eliminates unnecessary
copying during variable substitution and beta reduction.

## Changes

- Make expression fields unexported (immutable by design)
- Convert Substitute() and Rename() to return new expressions
- Implement structural sharing: return self when unchanged
- Remove Copy() method entirely
- Add getter methods for expression fields

## Performance Impact

Benchmarked across all samples:

| Sample      | Before | After | Improvement |
|-------------|--------|-------|-------------|
| church      | 230ms  | 170ms | 26% faster  |
| saccharine  | 320ms  | 160ms | 50% faster  |
| simple      | 30ms   | 20ms  | 33% faster  |

## Key Optimization

Previously, variable substitution created deep copies:
```go
*e = replacement.Copy()  // Deep copy entire tree
```

Now uses structural sharing:
```go
return replacement  // Share pointer directly
```

This eliminates 100% of Copy() allocation overhead (10-50ms per sample).

## Files Modified

- pkg/lambda/expression.go: Unexport fields, remove Copy(), add methods
- pkg/lambda/substitute.go: Functional API with structural sharing
- pkg/lambda/rename.go: Functional API with structural sharing
- pkg/lambda/reduce.go: Use new functional API
- pkg/lambda/get_free_variables.go: Access unexported fields
- pkg/lambda/is_free_variable.go: Access unexported fields
- pkg/lambda/stringify.go: Access unexported fields

2026-01-10 20:16:57 -05:00